Chemistry

Nophono cares.

Chemistry is a complex subject!

This article contains concepts far beyond the comprehension of a 'teen.

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, and behavior. more specifically: composition, properties, behavior, and changes it undergoes during reactions with other substances. Chemistry is also best known for being the biggest pain in the ass of all soyteens like ever.

the periodic table can be split into 3 types of categories: Metals, Non-metals, and Metaloids.

History of chemistry

Modern chemistry first somewhat started in the 17th century with English-Irish chemist Robert Boyle. He is best known for his book "The Sceptical Chymist" [Sic] which laid the foundations of modern chemistry and Boyle's hypothesis which rejected Aristotle's original view of elements being Earth, air, fire, and proposed that elements were pure substances. Antoine Lavoisier was also a major figure in early chemistry, mainly for his discovery of oxygen and it's vital role in combustion. He also created the law of conservation of mass.

Chemistry however has its roots in medieval alchemy which is something Europeans, Chinese, and Indians were weirdly obsessed with.

Chemistry as we know it now saw a massive increase in research in the 19th-20th century through figures like John Dalton, Dimitri Mendeleev, Marie Curie, and (((Niels Bohr))) mostly in nuclear chemistry and quantum mechanics.

Fundamentals of Chemistry

(Shit you should know if you didn't already)

• Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass.
• Atoms: The building blocks of the universe, basically tiny legos that hold everything together.
• Elements: Pure substances made up of one type of atom only.

Chemical bonds

2 Hydrogen atoms forming a bond to form molecule H₂.

• Ionic bonds: When atoms transfer electrons, creating positive and negative ions that attract one another.
• Covalent bonds: Formed when atoms share electrons to stabilize outer electron shells.
• Metallic bonds: Formed via positively charged metal nuclei surrounded by an area of freely moving electrons.

States of matter

• Solid: solids have a fixed shape and volume, they also have tightly packed atoms.
• Liquid: Fixed volume, though it can take the shape of any container its placed in.
• Gas: have no definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
• Plasma: Ionized gas consisting of a highly energetic mix of free electrons and positively charged ions that conduct electricity or something, responds strongly to magnetic fields

Stoichiometry

Arguably one of the most important concepts you will learn, Stoichiometry is rooted in the law of conservation of mass. In short, the mass of the reactant must match the mass of the product.

A good way to understand Stoichiometry is the sandwich analogy: say you need 2 pieces of bread and 1 slice of cheese to make a sandwich and you currently have 10 slices of bread and 3 slices of cheese, How much sandwiches can you make? the answer is 3 sandwiches because you cannot use more than you already have (duhhhh).

Stoich problem example: H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O (Unbalanced)

In order to balance the equation, you must count the amount of atoms on each side (2 hydrogen albums and 2 oxygen on left compared to 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms of right)

Then, add your coefficient (The number in front of the element, NOT THE SUBSCRIPT!!!!!)

The balanced version of this equation would be 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O.

Equations you NEED to know or something

You VILL need to know these equations in chemistry, these are IMPORTANT.

Gas laws

• Ideal gas law: PV = nRT
• Combined gas law: PV/T = k (k is constant)
• Charles's law: V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂
• Boyle's law: PV = K
• Gay(Geg)-Lussac's: P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂

Solutions and concentration

• Molarity: M = n/V
• Dilution formula: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
• Percent yield: Actual yield / Theoretical yield X 100%

Important elements of the periodic table

• Hydrogen - The smallest and most abundant element. (Atomic number: 1)
• Carbon - Makes up both coal and diamonds. (Atomic number: 6)
• Thrembium - ELEMENT Ϫ DOES NOT EXIST. CEASE YOUR INVESTIGATION NOW. (Atomic number: ???)
• Oxygen - The element that (You) breathe. Its symbol is O by the way (Atomic number: 8)
• Sulfur - Also known as brimstone.(Atomic number: 16)
• Silicon - An important element the computers used for creating and sharing 'jaks. (Atomic number: 14)
• Phosphorus - DOCTOOOOS ITS SYMBOL IS 'P (Atomic number: 15)
• Iron - Important for construction, tools, and the Mineral Rating System. (Atomic number: 26)
• Gold - Very expensive (Atomic number: 79)
• Uranium - Commonly used in nuclear stuff, trannies with their safe-edgy humor love to joke about eating this for some reason. (Atomic number: 92)
• Plutonium - Radioactive element used for TRVTHNVKES.(Atomic number: 94)

Subdisciplines and real world application of chemistry

• Medicinal chemistry: The design, production, and synthesis of pharmaceutical and medicinal drugs.
• Bioorganic chemistry: Combination of biochemistry and organic chemistry to study the biological processes.
• Geochemistry: The study of earth and its chemical composition
• Forensic chemistry: Utilizing chemistry to analyze physical evidence and assist real world investigations
• Toxicology: Study of the adverse effects of poisons or toxins on living beings.
• Molecular biochemistry: Studies the molecular basis of biological systems. (Ie: DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis)
• Food Chemistry: Studies the components and reactions of food products. Enforced by organizations like the FDA and FAO.

Acidity and basicity

A substance can also be classified as either an Acid or Base. The theory behind behavior is Arrhenius theory which states that an acid is defined as a substance that produces Hydronium atoms when dissolved in water while a base is one that produces hydroxide atoms when dissolved in water. Acidic and basic strength is measured by the pH scale. The equation to determine pH is as follows:

pH = -Log₁₀ (a_h+) ~ -Log₁₀ ([H⁺] / M) PS: consider using a calculator for this

Using the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, we can see another understanding of the definition of acid-base. Bronsted-Lowry Theory argues that acids and bases actually have an understanding of opsec and exchange protons instead, stating that acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. and when acids and bases are combined, they form conjugate bases and conjugate acids. This is also written out as: Acid + Base ⇌ Conjugate base + conjugate acid

Snopes

Chemistry is part of a series on Soyence™ Visit the Soyence portal for more.
	"We are all just hecking star dust or something!"	Peer reviewed sources [-+] Adam Conover ♦ Dr. Fauci ♦ Dr. Soyberg ♦ IQ ♦ Just trust the science itself okay??! ♦ Klaus Schwab ♦ Peer-reviewed study ♦ Reddit ♦ Rick and Morty ♦ /sci/ ♦ Snopes ♦ The Experts ♦ Wikipedia ♦ XKCD
	Fields of science [-+] Ajakogenesis ♦ Archeology ♦ Biology ♦ Mathematics ♦ Nutritionial science ♦ Philosophy ♦ Physics ♦ Programming ♦ Psychology ♦ Robotics ♦ Sociology ♦ Technology ♦ Virology ♦ Zoology
	Science in praxis [-+] Abortion ♦ Atheism ♦ Bugs ♦ Communism ♦ Fourth Industrial Revolution ♦ Meds ♦ Pod ♦ Quarantine
	Theoretical branches [-+] Coal 3 ♦ Hypothetical soyjaks ♦ Poop 2 ♦ Soyrooms ♦ Time Travel